Classification of bridges and types of span structures.

Span structures are distinguished constructively, according to the design scheme of the facility and the material of manufacture. For each specific case, a certain type is selected, taking into account the terms of reference and the existing conditions.

Depending on the initial data and operating conditions for each concrete structure, engineers select the optimal design that determines the type of bridge and its main physical and operational characteristics and makes up a scheme of span structures.

Constructions of span structures.

• A beam span structure. Differences consist in the features of overlapping of span of beams and perceived loads. The forces on the supports are predominantly vertical.
• Fermen span structure. Distinguish split and continuous farms, the differences are in the features of overlapping spans of farms and perceived loads. And also the farms are distinguished by the level of the location of travel for vehicles, farms with driving at the bottom, at the top and in the middle.
• Arched span structure. The span is made in the form of an arch that holds loads. Horizontal forces are converted into vertical forces, the bridge works on compression.

Combined type constructions. Combine the same arched and girder principle design schemes. They have universal application. Frame span structure. Can have a T- or U-shaped appearance, span structures – crossbars, supports – construction sites. Hanging span structure. Intermediate supports are not installed, the supporting structure of flexible units, the fastening is made to the pylons.

Hanging span structure. Intermediate supports are not installed

By the mutual arrangement of the arches (arches) and the roadway, bridges with riding over the top are distinguished – when the carriageway is located above the arches, with the ride below – when the carriageway is located under the arches, and with the ride in the middle (for this type there is also the name “with a lower ride” ) – when the carriageway is located between the arches.

Arched bridges with lower ride often do with a tightening, perceiving the archway. This allows instead of massive support supports, perceiving and transmitting to the ground, in addition to vertical loads, also the spacing forces of the arch, to use lighter supports, on which only vertical loads act. Arched bridges with a tightening can be installed on weak grounds.

Reinforced concrete structures of span structures are mainly used for small spans, up to 33 meters. The use of standard reinforced concrete beams is economically justified far from large settlements where there are no increased architectural requirements and short construction times. The lack of designs – high self-weight, requiring heavy lifting equipment at the stage of construction and installation works and more massive supports and foundations at the stage of operation, increased production time for construction and installation work, associated with wet processes, lack of architectural expressiveness.

Large own mass requires the construction of a powerful foundation. They are used in case of need to create a simple small and inexpensive bridge construction away from the city limits.

The most rational for span structures, more than 70% of all railway bridges are constructed of metal, since steel works equally well both for tension and compression and as much as possible meets the requirements of perceiving large alternating forces from railway loads. The advantages of metal bridges include the stability of physicomechanical characteristics of steel throughout the life cycle of the structure (up to 100 years), as well as high rates of installation. Separate elements are assembled at the manufacturing enterprises, at the construction site, only the assembly of the finished elements in a single construction takes place. The shortcomings include the need to perform periodic measures to protect metal elements from corrosion.

The use of bridge metal structures allows using high-tech techniques during construction – the reliability of all loaded units is significantly increased, labor productivity is increased, cost of production is reduced, commissioning of the facility is accelerated. All these factors significantly shorten the payback period of investments.

The supports of arched bridges are always massive, since they must be designed for perception of the strut. For large spans, arches are always more economical than beam structures, but only for span structures. Because of the large development of the supports in the cross section, the bridge of the arch system is cheaper than the beam system only at the height of the supports up to 2 meters.

Arched bridges are characteristic for mountain conditions, since they allow to block a larger span than beams, and in the conditions of mountain relief the construction of additional supports is difficult. Also, the specific area of ​​application of arched bridges is due to the fact that they require a large under-floor space, especially with riding on top, which leads to an increase in cost and complexity of construction of embankments approaches that can reach a height of 20 m; the likelihood of landslides on such mounds during the initial period of their exploitation increases.

The stadium named after Giuseppe Meazzy (San Siro), Milan

The Milan stadium is distinguished for its smart-brutal appearance, and it can quite afford it. San Siro Stadium is the home arena of the two clubs “Milan” and “Inter”. Designed an outstanding sports building architect Ulysses Stacini and engineer Alberto Kuzhini, and opened to the public in 1926.

Saitama Stadium, Saitama

The majestic stadium “Saitama 2002” was opened in 2001 especially for the World Cup 2002. Its design was developed by the Japanese bureau Azusa Sekkei Co., Ltd., and the construction of such a machine worked on the company Mitsubishi Construction. The stadium reaches the height of the five-story building, and can accommodate 63 700 spectators.

Matmut Atlantique Stadium, Bordeaux

In 2015, a new stadium appeared in Bordeaux. He seemed to materialize from the air – so light and transparent design was obtained from the Bureau Herzog & de Meuron. The architects delicately and elegantly added the stadium to the surrounding landscape and presented the city with a new sports arena, designed for 42,000 spectators. Snow-white slender columns surrounding the building give a feeling of weightlessness to the building.

National Stadium Singapore, Singapore

The National Stadium of Singapore is multifunctional, and due to its architectural and technical features, it can operate in three modes: “Football / Rugby”, “Cricket”, “Athletics”. The DP architects worked together with Arup and AECOM to create the stadium. It is part of a whole sports center, which includes several important sports and cultural facilities.

Arena da Amazonia, Manaus

The Brazilian football stadium was built in Manaus specifically for the World Cup in 2014. His project was occupied by German bro gmp (Gerkan, Marg and Partners), whose architects were inspired by the Amazonian forests that surround the city of Manaus. And the metal pattern covering the stadium is a reference to the fact that this region is famous for its skillful weaving of straw baskets.

Brasilia National Stadium, Brasilia

The National Stadium of Brazil was first built in 1974. In 2010, it was demolished and rebuilt by 2013 with the forces already known to us gmp Architekten together with schlaich bergermann und partner + Castro Mello Arquitetos. For a city with the status of a UNESCO World Heritage Site, the stadium must be special, and most importantly – not out of the general architectural landscape. The minimalist stadium is surrounded by a “forest” of concrete columns – the authors of the project specifically chose this material, referring to the architectural history of the city, built by Oscar Niemeyer.

A pipe is a tubular section or hollow cylinder, usually but not necessarily circular cross-section, used mainly to convey substances which can flow liquids and gases (fluids), slurries, powders and masses of small solids. Can also be used for structural applications; hollow pipe is far stiffer per unit weight than solid members.

In common usage the words pipe and tube are usually interchangeable, but in industry and engineering, the terms are uniquely defined. Depending on the applicable standard to which it is manufactured, pipe generally specified by a nominal diameter with a constant outside diam (OD) and a schedule that defines the thickness.

Pipes vary in materials from which they are made

Proper selection of pipe largely affect the reliability of the pipeline operation and significantly increases its service life. Pipes must be durable, resistant to soil, groundwater and ground currents, withstand the internal pressure of the water, have a smooth inner surface and waterproof walls, as well as, importantly, affordable price. Produced modern pipe industry to a greater or lesser extent correspond to requirements imposed on them.

Alternative energy sources have a number of advantages.

Solar panels are safe, effective, and very convenient. These panels generate electricity all year round. There are both compact and large in size models of solar panels. Monocrystalline solar cells are silicon cells, combined with each other. For their production using the most pure silicon. For polycrystalline silicon melt is subjected to slow cooling. Such technology requires less energy therefore the cost of silicon, obtained using it lower. Polymer batteries are used in areas where the greatest importance is the mechanical resilience and environmental disposal.

Solar panels – supplier of clean energy

If conduct division depending on the material used, the batteries are amorphous silicon, and if depending on the production technology – to film. In case of manufacturing panels amorphous, crystalline silicon is not used, a silane or silane which is applied a thin layer of material on the substrate. The efficiency of such batteries is only 5-6%, they have a very low rate of effectiveness, but in spite of these shortcomings, they have a number of advantages:

• Optical absorption index is 20 times higher than that of poly- and monocrystals.
• The thickness of elements is less than 1 micron.
• In comparison with poly- and single crystals has a better performance in cloudy weather.
• Increased flexibility.
• Supplier of clean energy.

Natural materials are pleasant to the touch, smell good, retain heat.

The walls are made of natural cedar or oak are very good. This house is very comfortable to spend time. Our company is engaged in interior decoration of homes.

The walls are made of natural wood does not pollute the environment and do not bear any harm to human health. No matter how trying developers, yet similar in degree of material security, virtually none. With proper care wood paneling can be saved for much longer than any other options. It all depends on the cost and quality of the used timber species, and the best examples can stay for decades, which will not give any wallpaper or paint or drywall.

The use of wood is always conducive to strong beautiful interior!

Our company is considered one of the leaders in the US market. The wide profile of the company allows it to confidently step into the future. A large range of products and services strengths of our company. Impressive production experience allows you to create unique and very high quality products. ADAMAS company specializes in producing a wide range of metal-roll. We produce pipes, angles, channels, rails and more. The plant produces a wide range of metal-roll. Production complies with the international standards of quality for rolled metal products ISO 3573: 2012.

Our factory produces metal like steel, copper and bronze. In stock there is a constant remainder of rolled metal product range: seamless (SMLS) and welded line pipes (ERW, HFI, EFW, DSAW), flanges, channel, beam, bar and other. This plant produces a wide range of metal-roll. Production complies with the international standards of quality for rolled metal products ISO 3573: 2012. In stock there is a constant remainder of rolled metal product range: seamless (SMLS) and welded line pipes (ERW, HFI, EFW, DSAW), flanges, channel, beam, bar and other.

One of our factories engaged in the production of building materials – bricks, blocks and tiles. The special composition gives strength and a beautiful appearance. Our bricks and roof tiles best suited for construction and exterior decoration of country houses. Our building material is very durable and aesthetic. We also offer design options with our materials.

Several factories engaged in the production of chemical nitrogen fertilizers. All the production is based on modern equipment. Proper soil nutrition – the key to a good harvest. We comply with all environmental standards in the production of fertilizers. Nitrogen fertilizer – inorganic and organic nitrogen-containing substances that are applied to the soil to increase crop yields.

One of the main directions of our plants is the production of feed for cattle and poultry. The best recipes, natural ingredients, high quality and high assortiment. Get high-quality food from the manufacturer! We use only natural ingredients in feed production. The cattle will grow strong and healthy. Your cows will be satisfied! In addition, our chemical plants involved in the production of chemical fertilizers and feed for livestock complex. High quality is achieved thanks to high technology production, special recipe and quality raw materials. Our food are deserved success of farmers in our country. The same can be said of nitrogen and potassium fertilizers.